You don't need a luxury bag to look put together. What you need is a bag with clean hardware, structured shape, good construction, and the right size for how you actually live. All of these are under $150. None of them look like they are.
Cuyana occupies the rare position of making bags that feel expensive because of material quality rather than branding. The Classic Zip Tote in pebbled leather ($198 but frequently on sale) or their structured canvas tote ($145) both have the weight and construction you'd expect from something twice the price. Clean hardware, no logo plastered across the front, fits a 13" laptop. The everyday bag that doesn't announce itself.
Small crossbody bags are where Madewell excels. The Simple Crossbody is under $100, has an adjustable strap, a front slip pocket, and comes in leather that actually improves with wear. The size is intentional — just your phone, cards, keys, and lipstick. The bag that means you can leave your giant tote at home on weekends.
Neoprene construction (water-resistant, lightweight, doesn't scratch), laptop sleeve, organization pockets designed for actual work stuff, clean exterior that reads professional. The Dagne Dover Large Tote is the work bag for people who've tired of digging through a bottomless pit looking for their charger. The structure and internal organization are what you're paying for.
Clare V. makes excellent bags that cost $250+. For the belt bag/fanny pack form factor, the Amazon market has produced several structurally similar options in leather at $50–80 that don't have the brand name but do have the clean design language. Look for full-grain leather, minimal hardware, and a zipper rather than a snap — the zipper versions hold their shape better.